Holmes’ character Essay

By completing some further research on the Internet, I ascertained that Holmes’ character was actually modelled on the mentor of Doyle, Dr Joseph Bell:  Doyle admired the work of Dr. Bell who utilized observation and logic in the medical field. Doyle decided to mimic the methods of Dr. Bell when he developed his fictional detective. Doyle was always adamant that Holmes was indeed, based on Dr. Bell. The readers of the stories would have been aware of this, allowing them to relate to the story. Another method that Doyle uses to allow the reader to relate to the characters is by using a narrator, Watson. His hugely biased view tells of Holmes’ brilliance, and at the same time allows an insight into the mind of the hero, and with it the attitudes of the people at that time. For this reason, Watson is used cunningly to reflect the era. In stark contrast to Holmes’ debonair attitude, Reseck is much more down-to-earth, and works by very different methods. He is not an intellectual, but works impulsively, as did many people at that time. He works quietly in the background, and is an introvert loner. He works alone, (without a sidekick, unlike Holmes) and he â€Å"always knew if anybody was close to him†. The distance he keeps to his own family, especially Al, his brother, shows this wish for solitude. This attitude is the opposite of the eccentric Holmes who can always be seen and heard. These differing attitudes significantly reflect the eras; the confidence of Victorian England versus the seclusion of Prohibition U.S.A. Chandler reflects this isolation by using derisive adverbs to describe Reseck, such as mockingly and gravely. As mentioned above, Holmes appears to be flawless. In contrast, Reseck is shown to be human and fallible by the elk’s tooth that he relies upon for good luck. Despite thi s, he is not inferior to Holmes, but is the result of a very grave time. Chandler does not describe Reseck as an attractive man. He says Reseck is:  Short, pale, and paunchy middle-aged man  The reason for this is that readers from that time could not relate to a flawless, attractive man. Chandler has used an ugly character to achieve this. In addition, Reseck’s sleight-of-hand shows the need for being alert in an opportunist time. Al, Tony’s brother, sums Reseck up when he says:  You take it slow  In summary, the characters are greatly different. Where Holmes is elegant, handsome and arrogant, Reseck is paunchy, quiet and thoughtful in his actions. When further analysing the characters, much can be achieved by comparing them to their arch-villain. This will help in analysing the two eras. Holmes’ arch villain is Dr Grimesby-Roylott. The two men are greatly different, with Holmes plotting his brains against Grimesby-Roylott’s brawn. The two confront each other only once, with Holmes naturally coming out on top. This was when Grimesby-Roylott challenged Holmes in his Baker Street office. Holmes is undaunted by his enemy’s aggressive attitude, and shows utter contempt to his threats. This is demonstrated when he ridicules the aggressive Grimesby-Roylott:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What has she been saying to you?† screamed the old man furiously.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"But I have heard that the crocuses promise well,† continued my companion imperturbably. Grimesby-Roylott then attempts to use his strength to scare the composed Holmes. He bends a poker then hurls it into the fire. Holmes, unconcerned, then picks the poker up and unbends it with ease: â€Å"I might have shown him that my grip was not much more feeble than his own.† This reinforces the idea of Holmes’ superiority over everyone else. This symbolism is a precursor to the end of the tale, and the reader knows that Holmes will eventually prevail over his enemy.  In I’ll be Waiting, there is no arch villain, hinting at the corruptness of the times. However, when Reseck meets with another character, Al, he is insulted, and in the end is seen to be inferior. Al calls Tony his â€Å"little fat brother†, which is obviously derogatory. Reseck does not have the same superiority over others as Holmes, which shows how different the times and self-esteem of the characters are. As well as the heroes that are portrayed in the stories, the language and accents that are used also depict the eras. In Holmes’ Baker Street location, he speaks in very proper English, again trying to reinforce his superiority. He is suave and soothing, speaking in a cultured accent, especially when talking to Helen Stoner. He uses archaic language, such as ‘pray’, and never abbreviates his words. All sentences are grammatically correct, and often contain archaic clauses. An example of this is:  And now, Watson, this is too serious for dawdling, especially as the old man is aware that we are interesting ourselves in his affairs; so if you are ready, we shall call a cab and drive to Waterloo. Reseck, in contrast, speaks in argot, slick language. There are many slang words and phrases that he uses. Examples of this are:  The guy stopped the big one. Cold.  And  Talk it up copper. My mind reader just quit.  Other cynical wisecracks show the alertness and the need for being streetwise in such an opportunist time. His accent is also colloquial, showing the lower class of people he deals with, compared to Holmes’ London. The settings of these stories show where the interest of the people lay, and can give an insight into life at that time. Location also plays an important role in reflecting the times. The Speckled Band is set in bachelor rooms in Baker Street London, a very affluent area of West London. This shows the prosperity and superiority of Holmes, and with it his success in life. The second part of the story in set in an English country mansion, again an affluent location. The admiration that the Victorian people had for the rich and successful in life, envying them greatly is demonstrated by this. In contrast, I’ll be Waiting is set in a seedy and dangerous world, in a crime-ridden inner city, controlled by gangs running the illegal alcohol trade. An example of this is the ‘Trouble Boys’ who are stereotypical gang-members of that time. They use colloquial language and the way that they turn their collars up and hide in the shadows indicate to the reader that they are clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d criminals. Reseck works in a hotel called the Windermere Hotel, another undesirable location. I’ll be Waiting appeals to 1940’s readers, as they had more interest in the reality of life, rather than on the lives of the rich aristocracy.

Active Euthanasia

Active euthanasia or physician’s assisted suicide should be legal in the ethical process that the organization, Dignitas performs it. The process in summation, consists of a person who is terminally ill and in excruciating pain, contacting the organization, becoming a member by fee, and submitting medical documents with diagnosis from a medical professional including those from a therapist, to a Dignitas physician. The elected physician then decides whether or not the member is qualified for active euthanasia and a prescription for the drug sodium pentobarbital is written for the patient/member and administered in Zurich, Switzerland.Any controversy or disagreements with the outlined process arise mostly from misconceptions by the public. Ludwig Minelli, founder of Dignitas states, â€Å"The whole issue is not in the public field. It is covered by a taboo, and we should speak about it. † The topic of Active euthanasia should be further explored and dissected by those wh o disagree with it. Active euthanasia should be legalized because it gives those in unimaginable pain the chance to end their suffering, we are exposed to legal substances that already induce death, and the right to life should also mean the right to decide when to end that life.When people approach death, they often cling to the idea of a peaceful death. Unfortunately, not everyone experiences a peaceful death. It is a gamble of luck in most instances, but what about in the case of an ALS patient? The person’s body is slowly deteriorating, they lose the ability to speak, swallow, move their body, and eventually communicate. If an ALS patient is dying before our eyes, they may look peaceful, but how can we be sure they’re not suffering in pure agony if they can’t communicate?For people like Craig Ewert, a 59 year old ALS victim, the option of euthanasia should be on the table. He pleads, â€Å"What may look peaceful from the outside does not necessarily reflect the internal mental state of the person. Let’s face it, when you’re completely paralyzed,can’t talk,can’t move your eyes, can’t move your arms, how do you let somebody know you’re suffering? They look at you, and you’re still. And usually, we associate suffering with people kind of rolling around and going â€Å"Ow,ow,ow. †.. There’s none of that. Gee, it must be peaceful. †

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer Essay - 2

HISTORY - choose 1 of the questions to answer - Essay Example It will also talk about whether the United States planned to expand its territories to Mexico during the expansionist sprit of the aged. The Mexican war, according to Hietala (p1), was an imperialistic venture by the United States. Both Mexico and the United States overestimated their affairs in 1846. Contemptuous of Mexicos administration and defense force, Polk and his consultants tried to overawe Mexican officials into surrendering California along with other provinces to the U.S. to pay outstanding debts owed to United States citizens. Mexico, for its part, went wrong in assessing its northern neighbors capability of raising and equipping a successful military (Ganguly 1). During that time, the United States and other European superpowers were seeking to build a name for themselves and their respective nations. Mexican leaders, in addition, miscalculated their country’s capability of rallying the army, the church, and the people to resist the invaders. Mexican leaders, still stung by the loss of Texas, vowed to resist further dismemberment by the United States (Hietala 1). However, in their endeavor to ave nge a previous trounce, they lost New Mexico and California. Some scholars argue that Polk intentionally goaded Mexico into war. Even though, he acted provocatively, he, in fact, hoped to realize his objectives without war (Hietala 1). The United States, on the other hand, wanted to gain control of its terrain, so they sought to capture the California and New Mexico. The bloodshed, during that time, signified failure, not success, in Polk’s strategy. Polk used the army to gain land, a move that provoked the United States. The United States had an imperialistic need, which made them buy Louisiana from Napoleon (Hietala 1). That was only the beginning. After that, they bought Virginia and then Florida. The Adams-Onis treaty is what triggered America’s greed in wanting to expand their territories. In the Oregon

Character Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Character Profile - Essay Example Now after her death, the daughter has to deal with her grief, frustration, and other questions. The difference between the mother and her daughter can be accounted in terms of age, culture and identity related with it. These features are familiarized by most Chinese-Americans who are going through a confused status of identity crisis. Jing’s mother Suyuan established the Joy Luck Club along with other three Chinese ladies settled in America with an aim to remind them of their origin and cultural background. In other words, the club plays the pivotal role of bridging the gap between China and America, particularly between old and young Chinese-Americans. While Suyuan is excited about her story of â€Å"In China, everybody dreamed about Kweilin†, Jing-Mei feels strongly that her â€Å"mother’s Kweilin story was anything but a Chinese fairy tale† (Tan 1989, p. 22-25). The young Chinese-Americans often seem to have deliberately rejected their Chinese identity whereas their older counterparts are still trying to retain their identity even in the cosmopolitan foreign environment. However, the film portrays a positive outlook for the Chinese-Americans who finally come to realize their original identity. After the demise of Suyuan, Jing-Mei begins to realize the truth of her mother’s miserable history of which she is a part too. When Jing finally meets her estranged twin-sisters in China, she feels like she has her mother back. Jing’s visit to China guides her through her culture and origin. At the end of her journey, Jing-Mei realizes â€Å"what part of me is Chinese. It is so obvious. It is my family. It is in our blood.† (Tan 1989, p. 288) The cultural clash and generation shock come to both young and old Chinese-Americans as it tends to create the generational gap between the two age groups. While the older generation is desperately seeking to retain their cultural values, young Chinese-Americans find their traditional customs

Privacy and the Enactment of Confidentiality Case Study

Privacy and the Enactment of Confidentiality - Case Study Example This research focuses on specific issues relative to these concerns. In conclusion it gives validation as to why everyone should be allowed to have a right to privacy regardless of what their status in society is. The basis for this is the fact that it is the only logical resolution to keep there from being so many disagreements between news reporters and high celebrities, as well as the basics such as medical doctors and their patients' right to privacy, etc. In whole the final conclusion is the right to privacy should be incorporated to include every facet of life that a person wants kept private as long as it isn't stepping over any legal boundaries. For many decades the citizens in England have assumed that they have an impartial right to complete privacy to their private life. Unfortunately this ideal has seemingly been having serious complications since 2002 when one initial case appeared to provoke controversy into this concept. The case Campbell v. Mirror Group Newspapers changed everyone's position in England on exactly what type of rights to privacy they really are endowed with (Lamont 2004). In this case it was found initially that the Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the Newspaper in allowing them the ability to report the actions of Campbell but later Campbell continued her arguments that this form of invasion of privacy was against her right to confidentiality and invaded her personal life to the extent that to much information was given to the general public about her comings and goings and personal actions (Lamont 2004).Because Naomi Campbell won out in the long run, the idea for freedom of expression in the newsp apers and other public news source outlets has been quelled and questioned to whether it will be allowed in the future within regard to the extreme way it was conceptualized on in this high profile case. It was the protection of the law situated around Confidentiality that ensured Campbell had the upper hand over MGN, even though initially it seemed she was going to lose her case. In many ways this case helped in guaranteeing that other people would not be up against this same form of invasion into their private life (Lamont 2004). This form of law is not new in England because historically it can be documented where the law of Confidentiality initially stemmed from. There use to be a law against eavesdropping and the reason it existed was in fact to protect people against false accusations and rumors, the same as the law of Confidentiality is meant to do. Many of these laws have not had to be implemented or used until recently and many people claim this is due to the adversity that the Paparazzi are causing. If they would only accept that there is only so far that they should go when publicizing information about people then there would not be the problem that is in existence today.Now the Human Rights Act of 1998 also is a form of law that protects the individual privacy rights of citizens. Again, it is not something that would have to be emphasized if the media would simply quell their obnoxious style in gaining information about people, especially high celebrities. Of course Naomi Campbell's rights to keep her recovery treatment in a personal context makes ample sense since no one would want that broadcasted, and logically it really has no

How did the French support the Colonies during the American Revolution Research Paper

How did the French support the Colonies during the American Revolution - Research Paper Example The colonists probably would not have won the war without the aid of the country of France, who provided valuable support for the colonies. Fighting together against Great Britain, whom France considered a common enemy between the two countries, support was provided for the colonies at first only diplomatically. As the war progressed and the odds of winning shifted to favor the colonists, France provided direct aid in the form of officers, soldiers, and weapons to aid in battle, in addition providing ships and naval forces to help with battles at sea. The Founding Fathers of the nation considered an alliance with France largely because of the fact that they too disliked Great Britain, and with good reason. Wars were not unusual between the two countries, the most recent at that time being the French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years War (Brinkley 96). At its conclusion, the French lost valuable territories to Great Britain in the land of what is now America, cementing a d islike that would not easily be forgotten (Brinkley 97). The Founding Fathers decided to use this dislike to their advantage, and approached France to form an alliance. French Assistance to the Colonies At first, while France provided aid, it was only by indirect means, with no overt assistance. From letters written by Benjamin Franklin in 1775, the French already had knowledge of the widening crisis between Great Britain and America, and were certainly not keen to support Great Britain (United States Office of the Historian). Through a delegation appointed to France in 1776 consisting of Silas Deane as well as Benjamin Franklin, King Louis XVI was persuaded through position papers of his advisors to give aid to the colonists (Dull 61). He provided the monetary means to equip the colonists with arms in the form of one million livres tournois (Dull 61). King Louis XVI also ordered two groups of ships from the French fleet to stand ready for prompt dispatch, should Great Britain move to blockade any French ports of sea (Dull 61). The money itself was not loaned directly to the American government, as this would have been seen as an overt act of war; Great Britain, at this time, was keeping close watch on French actions and France could not afford another war with them (Dull 61). Secrets piled on top of secrets to help America. Commerce became the solution. The French foreign minister Comte de Vergennes created a commercial company, which was then used as a go-between and given the million livres tournois (Dull 61). The money, through the company, purchased arms from the French government, including guns, gunpowder, and other military supplies, which it sold to the American Congress, to be exchanged for payment in American tobacco (Dull 61). Through means such as this, France was able to provide indirect aid to the American nation while remaining largely in the background of any conflict between Great Britain and the Americas. It also did not hurt the French to k now that, once again, their common enemy would be wounded one way or another by the French supplies. It was soon apparent that secret aid would not be enough for the American Revolution. While France was content to provide that aid and remain in the background, causing strife to the country of Great Britain by aiding the colonists, they were unsure of whether or not openly supporting the war would be a good decision.

Challenges of VET Programs in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Challenges of VET Programs in Schools - Essay Example It also offers different forms of trainings that help students fit into the job market easily. This paper will describe the vocational and training program in detail and highlight challenges that the program is facing. One may wonder how Australia arrived at a situation whereby a vocational and training program became an available option in the education system. History reveals that TAFE has been a leader in offering technical training for more than hundred years. However, tracing what it has evolved into from the 1970’s is more crucial than the entire history. Australia found 1970’s to be full of economical challenges. Its export values dropped and the country plunged into inflation and unemployment. Since the world was embracing technology so fast, people became jobless in Australia. The Sydney mechanical college had been offering technical skills that enabled people make a living before the hard times. When the economy destabilized, strategies changed. The Australian National Training Authority came into place and introduced vocational and education training in schools (VET). Students could learn different vocations alongside the curriculum and even train on workplaces. The program’s main objective was to provide the students with skills that could enable them find jobs or learn trades that could enable them make a living (Rauner, Maclean & Boreham, 2008). Vocational education and training is part of what TAFE does. Currently, TAFE has a broad range of courses. TAFE targets people of all age groups. It offers trainings to students who are completing their year12 enabling them to land jobs. Courses for such students instill them with skills that are necessary for the workplace. In addition, TAFE offers part-time courses to people who land jobs before they complete school. Other working class people need extra qualifications to get promotions and TAFE offers such. TAFE is unique and is the preferred choice because it offers nationally and internationally recognized courses at a broad range. On the hand, similar courses are available in schools approved and supported by TAFE for students who are yet to complete their year 12. It is one of the ways of ensuring a high retention rate to curb levels of dropouts. Schools offering such courses prepare students for the workplace and offer them life skills. These schools link up the students with workplace exposures. By the time of completion, students have some experience that can help them get jobs. In addition, these schools are a choice for students who cannot put up with the curriculum in the other schools. Instead of dropping out of school, they opt for TVET schools. Schools that run VET program have had their success stories over the years. They have positively influenced the society. However, such schools face several challenges. One of the challenges has its roots on the nature of the courses offered. Critics argue that students take subjects of a broad range making it difficult for them to determine their certification level. According to these schools, students complete their courses. However, keeping a track of all the courses students take becomes quite complex and this is the basis of the challenge (Maclachlan, 1994). As TAFE supports schools in offering TVET, it includes a program that requires a student to get a job and work a day weekly for several months. Students have to manage their time wisely and manage the two

Financial accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Financial accounting - Assignment Example In the context of a company or a business unit, an income is what is mostly referred to as the earnings after interest, depreciation and tax (EADIT). The gain can be described as an increase in the amount of revenue and/or income by a specific amount, as compared to a previous figure (Gupta 213-250). According to IAS 18, revenue is supposed to be recognized exclusively under the following criteria: when a business unit has completed the transfer of ownership of goods; when a business has ceased exercising applicable managerial authorities and has given up any form of control over the goods; when the amount of the expected revenue can be determined with consistency; when it is certain that financial inflows resulting from a certain business transaction will be directed to an entity; and when expenditures and costs related to a business transaction can be measured with consistency (Christian and Lu?denbach 64-87). On the other hand, revenues obtained through the provision of services s hould be recognized â€Å"where the outcome of a transaction involving the rendering of services can be estimated reliably, associated revenue should be recognized by reference to the stage of completion of the transaction at the end of the reporting period. The importance of distinguishing between the terms in financial reporting is to facilitate the provision of reliable material information to the users of financial statement (International GAAP 328). The case study IBI Ryan PLC (the company) is a wholesaler of a wide range of consumer electronic, computing and telecommunications products. The company imports the bulk of its goods using container transportation and distributes from large regional warehouses to its customers, who range from individuals who have ordered on-line to large national retail chains. The company is finalizing financial statements for the year ended 31st March 2013. The company has experienced significant fluctuations in revenue and profits over the last 5 years. The financial statements as currently prepared, show an operating profit of ?51 million on revenue of ?4,003 million. According to the case, the company anticipated a delivery of the goods on Sunday the 31st March, one day before the preparation of the financial statements. Unfortunately, the delivery did not happen owing to a heavy snowfall for two consecutive days until Tuesday. The sales invoices showed a total sale of ?50,000. The delivery was not made but the company’s revenue for the financial year ending 31st March includes the sale. According to the requirements of revenue recognition as stated in the international accounting standards 18, the revenue of ? 50,000 could be measured with certainty and reliability. The cost incurred during the transaction could also be measured with a satisfactory level of certainty and reliability (? 25,000). The economic benefits of the transaction would flow to the company if the transaction were finalized. However, since the delivery was not done according to plan, within the financial period, the ownership of the goods was still with IBI Ryan. That means that the company did not pass the significant risk and reward of ownership of the goods to the buyer. Secondly, the company still had managerial authority and control over the goods. Therefore, the revenue

Cathedral by Raymond Carver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cathedral by Raymond Carver - Essay Example Years before she and the narrator were married, his wife had a job as a reader and helper to Robert. She kept in touch with him by recording her thoughts and feelings onto tapes, a sort of auditory journal, which she would send to Robert on a regular basis. Robert would send tapes to her as well. The narrator feels threatened by this â€Å" I heard my own name in the mouth of this stranger, this blind man I didn’t even know!† While listening to the tape, they were interrupted, and the husband was relieved not to hear any more: â€Å"Maybe it was just as well. I’d heard all I wanted to.† His wife’s suicide attempt is related to Robert, who is a sort of father confessor to her. â€Å"Now this same blind man was coming to sleep in my house† the narrator says. â€Å"Maybe I could take him bowling† he tells his wife. She gets angry and tells her husband that the visit is important to her, and he will be a good host if she loves him. She say s she would do the same for him, but â€Å"you don’t have any friends.† Her husband’s isolation, both actual and spiritual, are shown in this statement. It is also illustrated by his need to party.

Translation & Antigone Essay Example for Free

Translation Antigone Essay Transmittance of Interpretation and Intention in Translation Sophocles’ tragedy Antigone, although written long ago in a linguistic form foreign to the modern English speaker, finds new and relatable life by the whims and wits of Robert Fagles and Anne Carson’s translations, Antigone and Antigo nick respectively. After reading either translation and recognizing the great variation between them, the expedient question to ask encroaches as â€Å"Which is the more accurate version of the Grecian tale, or which adheres more wholesomely to the intentions and meanings of the original author? † However, this becomes glaringly evident not to be the correct, nor even significantly relevant question one should ask when extricating meaning from the residual texts. Indeed no such judgment materializes as humanly possible. Rather, a question gives way to an investigation equipped with a determined process of translation, and in fact literature itself, to ultimately reach the deductible answer of how the apparent style and meaning influence the reader’s understanding of the text; a product of the translator as much, if not more so, than the original text. That this aim might be achieved requires identifying certain driving purposes attributed to the texts as being birthed by the particular intentions of the translators. Translation comprises a difficult task. In her book Why Translation Matters, Edith Grossman lists these difficulties on behalf of translators in general, â€Å"Our purpose is to re-create as far as possible, within the alien system of a second language, all the characteristics, vagaries, quirks, and stylistic peculiarities of the work we are translating† (Grossman 2010). Such an endeavor complicates given the intricacy of working merely in a single language, let alone taking it a step further to transform them for not only compatibility but functionality in another. Reading literature in but one language represents an entire process in and of itself. Essentially originating with the thoughts of one (probably in part inspired by those before it, though undoubtedly motivated by whatever it is about the human spirit that demands of itself to share aspects of itself ), these thoughts fall through the sieve of language further until wrought into the written word. However, after having passed into language and especially into literature, by comparison somewhat sterilized to its spoken originator, these thoughts takes on a form of potential meaning of their own. In this conveyed form, although partially isolated from the originator, the opportunity for its grand purpose of reaching another human being for interpretation and extracted importance realizes. Although the author had an intended meaning for and in the communicated, the realized significance of the reader cannot be identical to the original, as no individual can formulate and feel the exact same meaning as another in the exact same way. Translation adds further convolution to this process with addition of another interpretive entity and step, in essence altering the transfer of intention and meaning from the original to the end reader into two conjunctive, but nonetheless separate forms. Proof of this step is evident in â€Å"good translations† as Grossman describes, â€Å"We will perceive the text, emotionally and artistically, in a manner that parallels and corresponds to the esthetic experience of its first readers. This is the translator’s grand ambition. Good translations approach that purpose† (Grossman 2010). In order to achieve this, Grossman goes on to say, â€Å"We do this by analogy—that is, by finding comparable, not identical, characteristics in the second language† (Grossman, 2010). Joe Sachs, in the introduction to his translation of Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics, echoes Grossman, asserting â€Å"If one regards the virtue of a translation as smoothness, and its greatest fault as awkwardness, then all writing †¦ must be lost in translation, reduced to those ordinary choices of words that fit without a hitch into the thinking we have already done† (Sachs VIII). Sachs goes on to provide an excellent example of these necessary analogies, and possible irregularity associated with them, by linking the true definition of the Greek work â€Å"energia,† fundamental to Aristotle’s philosophy, not simply and smoothly with â€Å"activity† unless contextually â€Å"its special and emphatic meaning is established for the reader† (Sachs VIII). Rather the central idea of â€Å"being at work† approaches â€Å"energia,† both in the sense of a â€Å"being† as an entity and â€Å"being† as an action or inherent condition of that entity (Sachs VIII). In the face of such a daunting task, in fact one technically impossible in entirety, a translator invariably infuses personal interest into the resultant work. Admitting to the notion of personal infusion, Grossman states, â€Å"The undeniable reality is that the work becomes the translator’s (while simultaneously and mysteriously somehow remaining the work of the original author) as we transmute it into a second language† (Grossman, 2010). Rachel Galvin also attests to this notion in her essay â€Å"Looting† as she cites Horaldo De Campos utilizing the reminiscent verb regarding Carson’s text a â€Å"transcreation   a critical reading and transformation or re-creation of the original† ( Galvin, 2013). As it pertains to Anne Carson’s Antigo nick and Robert Fagles’ Antigone, differences in overall style and meaning are evident in almost every aspect aside from a few necessary commonalities that still unite them as English translations of Sophocles’ Antigone. Either story contains the necessary background and the ensuing problem and plot of Antigone’s rebellion against Creon for the sake of her disgraced dead brother, leading to her internment and suicide. To be sure, to translate they must, and do anyway, habitually, as Joe Sachs in his introduction to his translation of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, â€Å"bypass the accumulated baggage of a tradition that cannot accomplish that task† (Sachs VII). This accumulated baggage may be anything detracting from their determined necessary subject of transference. First and foremost among matching efforts directed toward this end entail both being direct Greek to English translations. To do so avoids any further diluting or complicating of the resultant text, and perhaps more importantly side steps historically influencing thought inherent in, for example, a Greek to Latin to English translation. Written in comparably straightforward dialogue, the translations also shake off â€Å"baggage† in their more direct and thereby relatable language. Though sometimes similar, the two seem to never actually match, such as when Antigone speaks to her sister about their mutual uncertainty to the future as to why she has summoned her to the gate, Fagles’ translation stating, â€Å"I thought so, that’s why I brought you out here† (60). And Carson’s translation similarly stating, â€Å"That’s what I thought that’s why I called you out here† (1). Yet outside ordinary necessities either translator’s take on the tragedy differs on most of the other major points. If they generate from the same story, how is it possible to have such essential variation between the translations? Plainly, Carson and Fagles, being two different human beings, inevitably interpreted the play differently. The translations principally diverge in the literal replication of his and her individual interpretations, and further how these interpretations perceptibly dominate the translations. These differing strengths produce different styles and highlight differing meanings of the texts as congruent with the intentions for the works. The overall style of each text takes the predominant role of establishing the standard of â€Å"displaying reverence for a beloved text,† but also â€Å"tak[ing] ownership of it† (Galvin, 2013). This desire most strongly permeates the reader’s attention by the very style in which either translation is written and presented on the page. Carson’s text is handwritten, in all capital letters, and of either black or red ink (red ink denoting extra emphasis). Furthermore, the writing itself emphasizes the artistic value as choppy yet punctually important. Fagles’ holds fast to what is normally expected of a book and simply appears as type of paper, separating characters’ dialogue in neat organization, all the while in iambic pentameter. This translation prefers a more verbally aesthetic approach, and by comparison to Antigo nick appreciates more of a prolonged beauty. The evidence of Fagles’ translation as adhering to a more traditional approach regarding translation, in addition to storytelling in general, attempting to deal accurately with the original text bleeds through with the simplicity and smoothness, yet elegance of his language; such as the dialogue of Haemon trying to convince his father to bend: You’ve seen trees by a raging winter torrent, how many sway with the flood and salvage every twig, but not the stubborn – they’re ripped out, roots and all. Bend or break. The same when a main is sailing: haul your sheets too taut, never give an inch, you’ll capsize †¦ Oh give way, relax your anger (96). Whereas Carson’s version instead attempts to break new ground in the field of translation. The very same instance in Carson’s version instead recounts riding a bicycle and condenses the assumed original into, â€Å"Trees bend ships loosen the rigging no single human being has perfect knowledge† (26). Both translators are attempting to â€Å"recast the language in a new age,† but Carson’s intention aligns more so than Fagles with the â€Å"goal of rendering these works in [her] own idioms† (Galvin, 2010). Take for example the first page of Antigo nick, as Antigone speaks to Ismene she says: We begin in the dark and birth is the death of us Ismene: Who said that Antigone: Hegel Ismene: sounds more like Beckett Antigone: He was paraphrasing Hegel (1). Fagles has no equivalent to this. Including these thoughts and thinkers, moreover, seems intuitively counteractive to good translating, considering Sophocles’ tragedy existed thousands of years before these thinkers. But preeminently establishing this precedent identifies the very purpose of Carson’s translation: to make something relatable to the individual human and historically meaningful human thought. The emphasis of death and darkness as timelessly uniting factors takes precedence over the development and presentation of the tragedy of specifically Antigone. Most notable, and indeed basic amongst the intentions of Carson blatantly occupies the front cover: simply the title Antigo Nick, beginning with Antigone but ending as Carson dictates it, with the name Nick (an added character and subject of fatalistic time in and of himself) not only portends another discrepancy, but lessens the weight of Antigone herself. Furthermore, Antigo nick more adequately presents itself as a vehicle characterized by and celebratory of these meaningful connections, exemplified by Carson’s handwritten text as it artistically dances amid illustrator Bianca Stone’s cryptic imagery. Though the images impart an account of their own, â€Å"the rhythm between text and images is often surprising and their relationship mysterious† (Galvin, 2013). These images often speak to the desired immensity of Carson’s translation, complementing the text rather than the story with enormous â€Å"dreamscapes. † Conversely, Fagles’ translation dwells on the specificity of this story; the utmost evidence being the long introduction of historical and cultural context. In doing so Fagles makes his translation able to understandably stand alone with inclusive significance. For example, with the provided historical and cultural lens, the meaning of Antigone’s rebellion amplifies by its subversion of these historical and cultural factors, namely her being a woman as well as the daughter of Oedipus, etc. Her rebellion in Antigo nick does not in specific mean anything, rather rebellion against authority in general means something. Moreover generalized, passionate rebellion once again proves more relatable to the universal human as well as holistic history. Carson intentionally requires both modern and prior knowledge to both know the story and understand its allusions, such as â€Å"here comes Kreon rowing his powerboat† (5). Or: Your Clumsy Its TrueClumsy as your FatherRemember how Brecht Had you do the whole play with a door strapped To your back (35). The reader is left at the mercy of this language and its allusions and inherent emphases, all of which are completely based in the interpretation of meaning by Carson as she, although creating new meanings, embraces an avant-garde tradition. The reader is dependent on former knowledge to understand the text, and is thereby led to different connections personal to Carson, though alien to Fagles’ translation. Originating from the same story, the reader acquaints with differing constructions of importance. The themes of Sophocles’ play are themselves altered by the translated language in alignment with Fagles and Carson’s intentions for their translations. The translators differing purposes for what their texts are attempting to accomplish cultivate a differing sense most notably of tragedy. When presented with the actual Greek, Fagles presumably understood it going in through the lens of a classical Grecian tragedy, and consistently depicted it as such. Therefore, characters carry themselves and are motivated heroically with artfulness; in other words not very relatable. Carson’s stressed theme strays away from the emphasized sense of tragedy, and instead, through the strong and often piecemeal dialogue emphasizes the less glorious reality of blunt death overlooked in usual tragedy. Characters therefore come across as impulsive and somewhat unaware: relatable. These differences are evident from the beginning of the play, as Carson’s Antigone relates to Ismene regarding their dead brother, â€Å"Dear sister my dead are mine and yours as well† (2). Fagles’ translation more nobly depicts the body as brother, saying instead â€Å"he is my brother – and deny it as you will – your brother too† (61). This notion goes on to be further reinforced as Ismene attempts to share in hers sister’s fate, as in the Fagles version, â€Å"I did it, yes – if only she consents – I share the guilt, the consequences too,† while Antigone responds, â€Å"No, Justice will never suffer that – not you, you were unwilling. I never brought you in† (87). Yet Ismene in the equivalent line of Antigo nick states, â€Å"I did the deed I share the blame Antigone: You did nothing you shared nothing leave my death alone† (18-19). Fagles’s smooth language and invocation of justice and guilt dignifies both parties, while Carson’s fast and choppy language: blame, nothing, and death diminish graciousness. Furthermore, this wanting of an inglorious death undermines the sense of tragedy in that portraying it in such a fashion weakens purposefulness, or the ‘beauty / art’ of it. The massive tragic  void in Antigo nick compared to Antigone illustrates most profoundly in the suicidal end, as Fagles’s messenger describes: And there we found her hanged by the neck in a fine linen noose, strangled in her veils – and the boy, his arms flung around her waist, clinging to her †¦ and then doomed and desperate with himself, suddenly leaning his full weight on the blade, he buried it in his body, haldway to the hilt. And still in his senses, pouring his arms around her, he embraced the girl, realeased a quick rush of blood bright red on her cheek glistening white. And there he lies body enfolding body (122-123). Antigo nick, true to form, forbears from such a tragically moving finale, with the messenger instead explaining the scene â€Å"The girl hanging the boy a bloody lung †¦ the sword sinking up to its own mouth† (34). A greater distinction cannot be made, concerning the language of tragedy, as recounting something as an enfolding crimson kiss vs. a â€Å"bloody lung. † Fagles’ melodrama and Carson’s understatement engineer discrepant intensities of admirability for their characters: in their beliefs, actions, and ends. The management and development of tragedy or considerable lack thereof, via these characters, aligns with the intentions of the translators to relate not only their interpretation of the initial text, but also their intentions in translating it true to their forms. Discrepancies among translations come from discrepancies among translators. The differing versions of style and tragedy ultimately adhere to the grand intention of either translator for either translation. Galvin quotes Osip Mandelstam, when speaking of Dante, though she believes the statement to be â€Å"equally rue of Sophocles,† as saying, â€Å"It is inconceivable to read [these texts] without directing them towards contemporaneity. They were created for that purpose. They are missiles for capturing the future. They demand commentary in the futurum. † (Galvin, 2013). Both Antigone and Antigo Nick achieve this end. Fagles’s succeeds in producing an understandable and straightforward look at the original play. Fagles importantly also succeeds in manufacturing a stand alone, most probably accurate version of Sophocles’ original Antigone, customarily emphasizing tragedy. Carson succeeds in bringing a new, futuristic, or rather modern spin to an old story. Her fabrication of a relatable piece, both in terms of relevance to the lay man as well as its self-proclaimed correspondence to historical thought and an avant-garde tradition, reserve it its place in this necessary ongoing â€Å"commentary. † Creative literature and translation by means of personal infusion enriches language with diverse meaning, because, â€Å"The more a language embraces infusions and transfusions of new elements and foreign turns of phrase, the larger, more forceful, and more flexible it becomes as an expressive medium† (Grossman). The preservation of art as well as the exemplification of translational truths unite both texts just as their mutual origins in the Greek of Sophocles do. The crucial conclusion regarding the derivation and understanding of meaning among these two translations, and translation as well as literature overall, depends upon the author’s (or translator’s) literal adaptation of his or her interpretations arousing an analogous notion in the reader. It constitutes a personal process reliant upon the ability to transmit specific significance through style and emphasized meanings. Or simply: the reader is never free from the author (perhaps gladly so). Works Cited  Aristotle. Nichomachean Ethics. Trans. Sachs, Joe. Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing, 2002. Print. Galvin, Rachel. Looting. Boston Review. Boston Review, 1 Mar 2013. Web. 12 Nov 2013. . Grossman, Edith. From Why Translation Matters. Why Translation Matters Yale University Press. (2010): n. pag. Words Without Borders. Web. 12 Nov 2013. . Sophocles. Antigone. Trans. Carson, Anne. New York: New Directions, 2012. Print. Sophocles. Antigone. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Group, 1984. Print.

Quantification of Chicken Egg White Albumin

Quantification of Chicken Egg White Albumin Standard curve Preparation for Quantification of Chicken Egg white albumin using Bradford assay Quantifying protein concentration is a very significant process for analyzing protein. It is essential in order to identify, characterize, and purify proteins, and this can also be use in medical researches by aiding in diagnosis of certain diseases. There are several of methods that can be use for protein quantification. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. One of which is the Bradford assay, which is commonly used because of its simplicity, wide estimated working range, and sensitivity to molecules of interest. Chicken egg white albumin was used as a protein source. Different concentrations of albumin were prepared and their respective absorbances at 595nm were obtained. This assay uses Coomassie Blue G-250 dye that forms a complex with certain amino acids. A standard curve was created from the raw data of absorbance reading. From the Pearson’s Rho correlation, it was shown that the absorbance and concentration has a strong positive relationship. The chemical react ions involve in this assay was also analyzed and understood. INTRODUCTION Proteins are very important in an organism for growth and preservation. Before analyzing a protein, it requires to determine the quantity of proteins present. The result of this will be useful in characterization and purification of proteins, in identification and in diagnosis of diseases, since some illnesses affect the level of proteins. There are different methods in order to quantify protein concentration. It is important for an assay to be able to be applied to a wide range of concentrations. It would also be good for the assay to be sensitive enough to detect even the smallest protein content in order to have an accurate result. The assay should also be specific to the component that is to be quantified. This is to avoid contaminants to be detected, such as cell components, macromolecules like carbohydrates, nucleic acid and lipids. There are different methods on quantifying proteins. One of which is the Non-colorimetric procedures. This includes determination of nitrogen deriv ed from proteins, analysis of amino acids, and find out of dry matter material of protein. The one that is common in this modern time is the Colorimetric methods of quantitation. This is because of the technological advancements available like usage of spectophotometers (Ninfa et al., 2009) In biuret assay, cupric (Cu2+) ions are being reduced to cuprous (Cu1+) ions by the proteins. This cuprous ions forms a complex with the peptide bonds yielding a blue colored complex. This assay requires high concentration of proteins since it is quite insensitive (Dennison, 2003). Lowry assay starts with a protein-copper complex just like the product in the Biuret assay. In Lowry assay it is then followed by the reduction of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent under alakaline conditions. Cuprous ions are the ones involve in the process of reduction, resulting to a intense blue color. Lowry assay is more sensitive unlike the biuret assay; however, since it’s very sensitive, it can detect other components that are not of interest just like detergents (Dennison, 2003). BCA Assay is the same as the Lowry assay, but bichoninic acid (BCA) is the one being reduced by the protein instead of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. BCA assay is sensitive but not to other contaminants. It is more sensitive to carbohydrates, lipids and other substances (Dennison, 2003). Bradford assay, which is the most commonly used colorimetric method, uses Coomassie Blue G-250 dye. This dye forms a noncovalent bond with proteins primarily basic amino acids (arginine, lysine and histidine). This complex results to a blue form in color. This assay is sensitive, accurate and can be done quickly (Redmile-Gordon et al., 2012). The source of protein for this experiment is the chicken egg white albumin. Studies consisting of iron-chelation, protease inhibition, immunoregulation, etc. uses chicken egg white albumin as well. Purification of the albumin is very much needed before doing any experimental procedure with the protein (Geng et al., 2012). In fact the albumin is consisting of 385 amino acid residue (Alleoni, 2006). In determining the protein concentration, it is very important to make a standard curve in every assay perfumed. Pearson’s Rho correlation is used to verify the linear relationship between the two variables involve in this experiment, absorbance and albumin concentration (Statstutor, n.d.). This study aims to verify how the concentration of proteins can affect the absorbance of the sample. It is also to make a standard curve for Chicken egg albumin and to know the Pearson’s Rho Correlation. It is also very important to understand the processes involved with protein quantification. This experiment also makes one to be extra careful with the laboratory procedures so that accurate data can be obtained. In a higher concentration, there are more particles involved, and so when a UV light strikes, more particles will be able to absorb it and higher absorbance value will be obtained. MATERIALS AND METHODS Before anything else, the UV/VIS Spectrophotometer was turned on before starting the procedures in order for the machine to warm up and function properly this avoids interfering with the data reading. Enough amounts of Chicken egg white albumin 10mg/mL, Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) pH 7.4, and Bradford reagent were obtained in a beaker from the reagent bottle. The beaker which contained the Bradford reagent was covered with paper since the the reagent is very light sensitive and might affect the data. With the use of micropipettors, albumin, phosphate buffered solution and Bradford reagent with known concentrations were transferred to six different microfuge tubes respectively. The concentrations of the reagents were the following: Table 1: Volume of stock solutions for the preparation of different albumin concentrations Standard no. Bradford Reagent (ul) Phosphate Buffered Saline (ul) Chicken Egg White Albumin (ul) Concentration (ug/ul) Blank 500 500 0 1 500 420 80 0.8 2 500 340 160 1.6 3 500 260 240 2.4 4 500 180 320 3.2 5 500 100 400 4 The solutions were vortex one at a time for 10 seconds. It settled for 10 minutes. After that, the solutions were again vortex for 5 seconds. Then the solutions from the microfuge tubes were transferred to the cuvettes individually. The cuvette was not touched on the flat side panel. The cuvettes were gently placed in the spectreophotometer. The absorbance of each concentration was read at 595 nm. The procedures were done for two trials. The standard curve and determination of Pearson’s Rho correlation were made from the raw data of absorbance readings. RESULTS Table 2: Series of known concentrations of Albumin Standard no. Bradford Reagent (ul) Phosphate Buffered Saline (ul) Chicken Egg White Albumin (ul) Concentration (ug/ul) Blank 500 500 0 1 500 420 80 0.8 2 500 340 160 1.6 3 500 260 240 2.4 4 500 180 320 3.2 5 500 100 400 4 From the volume of the stock solutions, different concentrations of albumin were made. The albumin concentration of the standards ranges from 0.0- 4.0 ug/ul and have an increment of 0.8. Table 2: Pearson’s Rho Correlation of the Absorbance readings at 595nm and Albumin Concentrations Trial 1; (b) Trial 2; (c) Mean absorbance of the two trials A. Standard no. Concentration (ug/ul) Trial 1 (A) Blank 0.0000 0.0000 1 0.8000 0.7170 2 1.6000 0.6750 3 2.4000 0.3790 4 3.2000 0.7190 5 4.0000 0.8640 Pearsons r Correlation 0.679886127 B. Standard no. Concentration (ug/ul) Trial 2 (A) Blank 0.0000 0.0000 1 0.8000 0.0510 2 1.6000 0.5480 3 2.4000 0.7740 4 3.2000 0.7990 5 4.0000 0.4250 Pearsons r Correlation 0.710839544 C. Standard no. Concentration (ug/ul) Mean absorbance (A) Blank 0.0000 0.00 1 0.8000 0.3840 2 1.6000 0.6115 3 2.4000 0.5765 4 3.2000 0.7590 5 4.0000 0.6445 Pearsons r Correlation 0.84783844 The absorbance value of the five albumin concentrations were measured twice. With regards to the Pearson’s Rho Correlation of each, Trial 1 shows that the Albumin concentration and Absorbance at 595nm has a strong positive relationship. While trial 2 and the mean of the two trials show that the two variables exhibit a very strong positive relationship. Figure 1: Trial 1 Absorbance at 595nm vs. Concentration of Albumin (ug/ul) In trial 1, the Peason’s Rho Correlation value is 0.679886127 showing a strong positive relationship between the two variables. From the absorbance value of the standard no.1, there is a decrease in the absorbance in standard no.2 and standard. No.3. Then a sudden increase in absorbance in standard no.4 and standard no.5. And also from the line equation, the slope has a positive value giving an upward direction and a direct correlation between absorbance and concentration of the albumin. Figure 2: Trial 2 Absorbance at 595nm vs. Concentration of Albumin (ug/ul) Trial 2 shows a very strong positive correlation between the two variables since the value of the Pearson’s Rho Correlation value is 0.710839544. Standard no.1 until Standard no.4 shows that the absorbance at 595nm is increasing with the albumin concentration. But for standard no.5, the absorbance of 4.00 ug/ul Albumin went down very quickly. Based on the line equation of the best fit line of this graph, the slope has a positive value giving an upward direction and a direct correlation between absorbance and concentration of the albumin. Figure 3: Mean Absorbance of the two trials at 595nm vs. Concentration of Albumin (ug/ul) The mean values of the absorbance at 595nm for the two trials were obtained and graph. The mean absorbance and albumin concentration shows a strong positive correlation, having a Pearson’s Rho correlation of 0.84783844. The graph shows that there are two outliers, standard no. 3 and standard no.4. A direct correlation between mean absorbance and concentration of the albumin is also shown based on the slope of the line equation. DISCUSSION Bradford assay utilize Coomassie Blue G-250 dye that forms a complex with the basic amino acids and thus having a blue form in color as the outcome (Redmile-Gordon et al., 2012). The concentration of the chicken egg white albumin ranges from 0.0 ug/ul, which is the blank , up to 4.0 ug/ul. This shows an increasing concentration of the albumin, and to have an accurate data, there is 0.8 so that the gap between the concentrations is equal. With this, the absorbance at 595nm can be compared to see the relationship between the two variables. In Pearson’s Rho Correlation, the closer the value to 1 or -1, the strong is the linear correlation for the two variables (Statstutor, n.d). In trial 1, the Pearson’s Rho Correlation value is 0.679886127, and since the value ranges from +.40 to +.69, the Albumin concentration and absorbance value has a strong positive. The graph shows that the absorbance readings are not consistent. Standard no.2 and standard no.3 shows a sudden decrease. The Pearson’s Rho Correlation value for trial 2 is 0.710839544. This shows that the relationship between the two variables is a strong positive relationship. This is because for a correlation to be strongly positive, the value must be +.70 or higher. For this trial, standard no.5 is the outlier. For the mean of the two trials, it could be seen that Standard no.3 and Standard no.5 are the outliers (Fig 3), although there is a strong positive relationship between the two variables based on its Pearson’s Rho Correlation value, 0.84783844. One reason for having a result with outliers is that the solutions containing chicken egg white albumin, phosphate saline buffer and Bradford reagent were already exposed to light even before it was placed in the spectrophotometer. The particles already absorbed an amount of light that’s why the light they absorbed in the spectrophotometer became less than expected. Temperature can also affect the Bradford assay. Since the temperature of the environment of the solution may vary throughout the experiment, like the temperature of the hands holding the cuvettes, the place where the solutions were settled, inside the cabinet, it might experience a change in temperature that affected the data. Lowering the temperature can increase the absorbance and vice versa (Steinke Shepherd, 1992). The basic and aromatic amino acids are the interest of the Bradford assay (Dennison, 2003). Some other amino acids present in the protein may not be detected by the assay. Different assay for protei n quantitation have own advantages and disadvantages that why there is no a standard assay. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Bradford assay for standard curve preparation is very suitable for this experiment since its easy to perform and at the same time good data were gathered. However, it would be better if at least two different assays were performed in order to verify the standard curve for the chicken egg white albumin and to further understand how the other assay works. Ensuring the consistent temperature in the working place can improve the outliers in the absorbance reading. And lastly being extra careful on the solutions being not exposed to light and any contaminants may improve the data. To conclude, this experiment verifies the positive relationship between absorbance and correlation base on the Pearson’s r correlation, since positive value denotes positive linear correlation.The slope from the linear equation for the two trials and the mean also shows a positive one indicating a correlation between the two variables involve. LITERATURE CITED Alleoni, A. Albumen protein and functional properties of gelation and foaming. Science  Agricola[Internet]. 2006 [cited 2014 January 20];3(3). Available from  http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162006000300013 Dennison, C. 2003. A guide to protein isolation [Internet]. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2003 [cited 2014 January 20]. Available from: http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SuXi2WtHnwQCdq=lowry+assaysource=gbs_navlinks_s. Also available in paper copy from the publisher. Doss, D., Sumrall III, W., McElreath D., Jones D. 2013. Economic and financial analysis forcriminaljustice organizations [Internet]. Florida: CRC Press; 2013 [cited 2014 January 20]. Available from: http://faculty.quinnipiac.edu/libarts/polsci/statistics.html. Also available in paper copy from the publisher. Geng, F., Huang, Q., Wu, X., Ren, G., Shan, Y., Jin, G., Ma, M. Co-purification of chicken egg white proteins using polyethylene glycol precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography. Separation and Purification Technology [Internet]. 2012. [cited 2014 January 20];96:75-80. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.05.021 Oyong, G. 2012. Basic and advanced techniques in cell and molecular biology. Experiment 1, Standard  curve preparation for determining protein content.URCO. Redmile-Gordon, M., Armenise, E., White, R., Hirsch, P., Goulding, K. A comparison of two  colorimetricassays, based upon Lowry and Bradfordtechniques, to estimate total protein in soil extracts. Soil Biology Biochemistry [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 January 20];67(100):166-173. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.08.017 Statstutor [Internet]. Pearson’s correlation. [cited 2014 January 20]. Available from  http://www.statstutor.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/pearsons.pdf Steinke J., Shepherd A. Effects of temperature on optical absorbance spectra of oxy-, carboxy-, and deoxyhemoglobin. Clinical Chemistry [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2014 January 20];38(7):1360-1364. Available from: http://www.clinchem.org/content/38/7/1360.long Ninfa, A., Ballou, D., Benore, M. 2009. Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and  biotechnology [Internet]. New Jersey: Wiley; 2009 [cited 2014 January 20].Available from:http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=k6_XQwAACAAJdq=fundamental+lab ratory+appoaches+for+biochemistry+and+biotechnologyhl=ensa=Xei=ajbdU uxo2tB7jTgEAved=0CC4Q6AEwAA. Also available in paper copy from the publisher.

Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Webster’s Dictionary, a hero is defined as a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of purpose, especially if this individual has risked or sacrificed his life. In the Iliad and the Odyssey, the code which administers the conduct of the Homeric heroes is a straightforward idea. The aim of every hero is to achieve honor. Throughout the Iliad and the Odyssey, different characters take on the role of a hero. Honor is essential to the Homeric heroes, so much that life would be meaningless without it. Thus, honor is more important than life itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the Iliad, heroic characters make decisions based on a specific set of principles, which are referred to as the â€Å"code of honor.† The heroic code that Homer presents to readers is easy to recognize because the heroic code is the cause for many of the events that take place, but many of the characters have different perceptions of how highly the code should be regarded. Hector, the greatest of the Trojan warriors, begins the poem as a model for a hero. His dedication and firm belief in the code of honor is described many times throughout the course of the Iliad. As a reward for heroic traits in battle, prizes were sometimes awarded to victors of war. In Book 1 Achilles receives Chryseis as a prize and a symbol of honor. Heroism had its rewards and its setbacks which ultimately was the backbone of the Illiad in the case of Achilles prize. Hector, arguably the greatest Trojan warrior or even the bravest of the Homeric heroes is very fierce and f ights for what he believes is his destiny. In book VI Hector expresses his bravery when Andromache pleads with Hector not to fight when Hector says, â€Å"But I would die of shame to face the men of Troy and the Trojan woman trailing their long robes if I would shrink from battle now, a coward. Nor does the sprit urge me on that way. I’ve learned it all too well. To stand up bravely, always to fight in the front ranks of Trojan soldiers, winning my father great glory, glory for myself† (VI, 387). Achilles, the greatest of the Greek warriors, is portrayed as a hero in some ways but, on the other hand, performs some controversial acts in the Iliad. Throughout the entire Trojan war, Achilles spent most of his time pouting in his tent after Agamemnon kidnapped his prized maiden, Chryseis.

Hospice :: essays research papers

Hospice General Purpose of the Department: As we have learned, the hospice idea is not new. Literally meaning "given to hospitality," hospices provided comfort, kindness, and nourishment to people in need hundreds of years ago. Today, hospices offer comfort to people as they near the end of life's journey. Hospice is a special way of caring for people with terminal illnesses and their families. It is a multidisciplinary health care program that is responsible for palliative and supportive care with consideration of the patient's and families wishes. Hospice focuses on care, not cure. Hospice care is important because it provides many benefits that aren't possible in a traditional acute or long-term health care setting. Within hospice, the family of the patient is directly involved in making decisions and helping their loved one. Hospice also gives the patient to have a great amount of control by deciding where they want to spend the rest of their lives. It can also help make choices about advanced directives which we will discuss shortly. Major Functions of the Department: Hospice is a very unique department because it truly looks at the "big picture" and treats a spectrum of patient needs equally. Special attention is given to: Physical needs - this is the first and foremost function. Within hospice you are dealing with a patient that has been given a diagnosis of having 6 months or less to live. For many patients, relieving pain through medication is an important part of hospice care. I have provided you with a list of ways that patients are made more comfortable. A goal of hospice it to help patients use their physical abilities as fully as possible. Social Needs - Sometimes little things make all the difference to people. Although these patients may not be as active as before their illness, you can see on your handout a list of things that they probably still enjoy. Hospice can help to make these things happen, as well as provide assistance with practical issues like putting finances in order. Emotional Needs: Hospice can help patients cope with loneliness, isolation, and the fear of being abandoned. This is outlined on your handout as to how the hospice staff accomplishes this. Hospice also helps friends and families of the patient express their emotions through group and bereavement counseling. Spiritual Needs - the realization that a person's spirituality is of a daily concern to the patient has led hospice care to this area. Hospice tries to organize the types of care outlined on your handout. Members of the clergy can also help family and friends who are in need of spiritual support.

Pablo Picasso2 :: Essays Papers

Pablo Picasso2 Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) is considered to be the greatest artist of the 20th century. In his prolific career, which spanned 78 years, he created more than 20,000 works of art including paintings, lithographs, etchings, and sculpture. In 1947, for example, he created 2,000 pieces of ceramics and in 1968, in a seven-month period, he returned to some of his earlier themes such as circuses, and bullfights to create 347 etchings. His work encompassed many styles -- from realism to cubism and surrealism -- making it impossible to categorize into a single movement. He and fellow painter Georges Braque are credited with creating the cubist style. Another of Picasso's innovations was the creation of collage -- he pasted pieces of paper and oilcloth to a canvas and painted on the surface in a 1912 work titled Still Life With Chair Caning. Although he is best known for his innovative, cubist work Picasso had an extraordinary drawing skill, rivaling the expertise of 19th century neoclassical ar tist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Picasso was born in MÃ ¡laga, Spain on October 25, 1881, the son of an art teacher. Prior to 1898, he used his father's name, "Ruiz," and his mother's maiden name, "Picasso," to sign his paintings. After 1901, he signed his work simply with the name "Picasso." A child prodigy, he painted his first picture at the age of ten; by 15 he was accepted at the Barcelona School of Fine Arts where he won a gold medal for his academic painting, Science & Charity, 1897. Picasso's major periods can be roughly divided into the following, although in his later years he returned to earlier themes. Blue Period: After trips to Paris between 1900-1902, Picasso settled there in 1904 where he was influenced by Paul Gauguin and the group of symbolist painters called The Nabis. The influence of Edgar Degas and Toulouse-Lautrec is reflected in The Blue Room, 1901 -- which was the start of his evolution towards his Blue Period. In this phase, the color blue dominated his work as did the theme of portraying human suffering and misery, in many cases also reflecting the style of El Greco in the use of elongated figures.

Honey Bee Farming

Alabang we can see the skyscrapers, big malls and busy viable centers. In a backyard of a small house in a high village is a wood of trees and flowering plants, this is where the bees are camping and in this place Luke Macababbad lives. He is an urban farmer and a custodian of the colonies in a 50-square-meter backyard in Muntinlupa City subdivision. Bees sip the nectar of the shrubs and bushes of the wild flowering plants, vines and trees. January to May is the honey season, flowers bloom and honey flows. A 50 hives or colonies can make 30 to 50 kilograms of honey in 3 weeks. The 80% is being made into wine and the remaining is honey. According to Macababbad, the production is down because of climate change. The flowering season is not distinctive because the bees are confused. At this time, kakawati trees should be blooming but they are not. Honey is not produced after heavy rains. When you are into bee farming, the cost of a queen bee is $300 to $500. A single colony, with four frames to house 3,000 bees, costs about P6,200. Continuous labor and maintenance are the added operating costs. According to Virgilio Badajos, a staff beekeeper who was trained in Australia, bee mortality rate must be monitored. Migratory birds can eat up to 500 bees a day. He started the bee farming as a hobby at the University of the Philippines Los Banos. All we wanted was to have our own home-made honey for home use, he said. He had 4 colonies in his farm which expanded in Batangas, Lipa, Tanauan and Cavite. He harvested 100 kilograms of honey produced at Dielle's Apiary and Meadery Enterprises. With the increase in demand Macababbad seek the technology assistance from the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). And the Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SET UP) provided him P300,000 to purchase new stainless steel tank. This helped him increased from 1,000 bottles a year to 2,000 bottles per month. Other products were added: mango, bignay and duhat wines, the label designs and packaging were provided by DOST. Sales raised to 300 percent and on-line orders also increased. According to Dr. Teresita C. Fortuna, DOST’s Regional Director for Metro Manila, the bee colony is one of the more successful technology intervention of the DOST National Capital Region (NCR). In 2009, P8.9 million support was provided by DOST-NCR for technology acquisition to 11 microenterprises. This includes consultancies, trainings and workshops conducted in 596 firms. In Twinville Subdivision in Marikina, homeowners association uses hydroponics  or growing plants without soil. The DOST Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) provided the Hydroponic Technology. The Enriched Potting Preparation technology involves nutrient-rich compost soil extract and a specialized watering and aeration-efficient container made from used plastic bottles. Senior citizens of the Twinville Homeowner’s Association participated by planting the first crop of vegetables for home consumption. The harvested crop is sold in the city government and in nearby supermarkets. Marikina and Muntinlupa are the recipients of a bioreactor technology which converts the wastes from wet markets into organic fertilizer. While in Quezon City and Taguig, DOST NCR and PCARRD provided technical assistance and training to city agriculture technologies like edible landscaping, hydroponics and enriched potting preparation and composting.

Prelude to Foundation Chapter 8 Sunmaster

SUNMASTER FOURTEEN-†¦ A leader of the Mycogen Sector of ancient Trantor†¦ As is true of all the leaders of this ingrown sector, little is known of him. That he plays any role at all in history is due entirely to his interrelationship with Hari Seldon in the course of The Flight†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 35. There were just two seats behind the compact pilot compartment and when Seldon sat down on padding that gave slowly beneath him meshed fabric came forward to encircle his legs, waist, and chest and a hood came down over his forehead and ears. He felt imprisoned and when he turned to his left with difficulty-and only slightly-he could see that Dors was similarly enclosed. The pilot took his own seat and checked the controls. Then he said, â€Å"I'm Endor Levanian, at your service. You're enmeshed because there will be a considerable acceleration at lift-off. Once we're in the open and flying, you'll be released. You needn't tell me your names. It's none of my business.† He turned in his seat and smiled at them out of a gnomelike face that wrinkled as his lips spread outward. â€Å"Any psychological difficulties, youngsters?† Dors said lightly, â€Å"I'm an Outworlder and I'm used to flying.† â€Å"That is also true for myself,† said Seldon with a bit of hauteur. â€Å"Excellent, youngsters. Of course, this isn't your ordinary air-jet and you may not have done any night flying, but I'll count on you to bear up.† He was enmeshed too, but Seldon could see that his arms were entirely free. A dull hum sounded inside the jet, growing in intensity and rising in pitch. Without actually becoming unpleasant, it threatened to do so and Seldon made a gesture as though to shake his head and get the sound out of his ears, but the attempt to do so merely seemed to stiffen the hold of the head-mesh. The jet then sprang (it was the only verb Seldon could find to describe the event) into the air and he found himself pushed hard against the back and bottom of his seat. Through the windshield in front of the pilot, Seldon saw, with a twinge of horror, the flat rise of a wall-and then a round opening appear in that wall. It was similar to the hole into which the air-taxi had plunged the day he and Hummin had left the Imperial Sector, but though this one was large enough for the body of the jet, it certainly did not leave room for the wings. Seldon's head turned as far to the right as he could manage and did so just in time to see the wing on his side wither and collapse. The jet plunged into the opening and was seized by the electromagnetic field and hurtled along a lighted runnel. The acceleration was constant and there were occasional clicking noises that Seldon imagined might be the passing of individual magnets. And then, in less than ten minutes, the jet was spewed out into the atmosphere, headlong into the sudden pervasive darkness of night. The jet decelerated as it passed beyond the electromagnetic field and Seldon felt himself flung against the mesh and plastered there for a few breathless moments. Then the pressure ceased and the mesh disappeared altogether. â€Å"How are you, youngsters?† came the cheerful voice of the pilot. â€Å"I'm not sure,† said Seldon. He turned to Dors. â€Å"Are you all right?† â€Å"Certainly,† she answered. â€Å"I think Mr. Levanian was putting us through his paces to see if we were really Outworlders. Is that so, Mr. Levanian?† â€Å"Some people like excitement,† said Levanian. â€Å"Do you?† â€Å"Within limits,† said Dors. Then Seldon added approvingly, â€Å"As any reasonable person would admit.† Seldon went on. â€Å"It might have seemed less humorous to you, sir, if you had ripped the wings off the jet.† â€Å"Impossible, sir. I told you this is not your ordinary air-jet. The wings are thoroughly computerized. They change their length, width, curvature, and overall shape to match the speed of the jet, the speed and direction of the wind, the temperature, and half a dozen other variables. The wings wouldn't tear off unless the jet itself was subjected to stresses that would splinter it.† There was a spatter against Seldon's window. He said, â€Å"It's raining.' â€Å"It often is,† said the pilot. Seldon peered out the window. On Helicon or on any other world, there would have been lights visible-the illuminated works of man. Only on Trantor would it be dark. Well, not entirely. At one point he saw the flash of a beacon light. Perhaps the higher reaches of Upperside had warning lights. As usual, Dors took note of Seldon's uneasiness. Patting his hand, she said, â€Å"I'm sure the pilot knows what he's doing, Hari.† â€Å"I'll try to be sure of it, too, Dors, but I wish he'd share some of that knowledge with us,† Seldon said in a voice loud enough to be overheard. â€Å"I don't mind sharing,† said the pilot. â€Å"To begin with, we're heading up and we'll be above the cloud deck in a few minutes. Then there won't be any rain and we'll even see the stars.† He had timed the remark beautifully, for a few stars began to glitter through the feathery cloud remnants and then all the rest sprang into brightness as the pilot flicked off the lights inside the cabin. Only the dim illumination of his own instrument panel remained to compete, and outside the window the sky sparkled brightly. Dors said, â€Å"That's the first time in over two years that I've seen the stars. Aren't they marvelous? They're so bright-and there are so many of them.† The pilot said, â€Å"Trantor is nearer the center of the Galaxy than most of the Outworlds.† Since Helicon was in a sparse corner of the Galaxy and its star field was dim and unimpressive, Seldon found himself speechless. Dors said, â€Å"How quiet this flight has become.† â€Å"So it is,† said Seldon. â€Å"What powers the jet, Mr. Levanian?† â€Å"A microfusion motor and a thin stream of hot gas.† â€Å"I didn't know we had working microfusion air-jets. They talk about it, but-â€Å" â€Å"There are a few small ones like this. So far they exist only on Trantor and are used entirely by high government officials.† Seldon said, â€Å"The fees for such travel must come high.† â€Å"Very high, sir.† â€Å"How much is Mr. Hummin being charged, then?† â€Å"There's no charge for this flight. Mr. Hummin is a good friend of the company who owns these jets.† Seldon grunted. Then he asked, â€Å"Why aren't there more of these microfusion air-jets?† â€Å"Too expensive for one thing, sir. Those that exist fulfill all the demand.† â€Å"You could create more demand with larger jets.† â€Å"Maybe so, but the company has never managed to make microfusion engines strong enough for large air-jets.† Seldon thought of Hummin's complaint that technological innovation had declined to a low level. â€Å"Decadent,† he murmured. â€Å"What?† said Dors. â€Å"Nothing,† said Seldon. â€Å"I was just thinking of something Hummin once said to me.† He looked out at the stars and said, â€Å"Are we moving westward, Mr. Levanian?† â€Å"Yes, we are. How did you know?† â€Å"Because I thought that we would see the dawn by now if we were heading east to meet it.† But dawn, pursuing the planet, finally caught up with them and sunlight-real sunlight brightened the cabin walls. It didn't last long, however, for the jet curved downward and into the clouds. Blue and gold vanished and were replaced by dingy gray and both Seldon and Dors emitted disappointed cries at being deprived of even a few more moments of true sunlight. When they sank beneath the clouds, Upperside was immediately below them and its surface-at least at this spot-was a rolling mixture of wooded grottos and intervening grassland. It was the sort of thing Clowzia had told Seldon existed on Upperside. Again there was little time for observation, however. An opening appeared below them, rimmed by lettering that spelled MYCOGEN. They plunged in. 36. They landed at a jetport that seemed deserted to Seldon's wondering eyes. The pilot, having completed his task, shook hands with both Hari and Dors and took his jet up into the air with a rush, plunging it into an opening that appeared for his benefit. There seemed, then, nothing to do but wait. There were benches that could seat perhaps a hundred people, but Seldon and Dors Venabili were the only two people around. The port was rectangular, surrounded by walls in which there must be many tunnels that could open to receive or deliver jets, but there were no jets present after their own had departed and none arrived while they waited. There were no people arriving or any indications of habitation; the very life hum of Trantor was muted. Seldon felt this aloneness to be oppressive. He turned to Dors and said, â€Å"What is it that we must do here? Have you any idea?† Dors shook her head. â€Å"Hummin told me we would be met by Sunmaster Fourteen. I don't know anything beyond that.† â€Å"Sunmaster Fourteen? What would that be?† â€Å"A human being, I presume. From the name I can't be certain whether it would be a man or a woman.† â€Å"An odd name.† â€Å"Oddity is in the mind of the receiver. I am sometimes taken to be a man by those who have never met me.† â€Å"What fools they must be,† said Seldon, smiling. â€Å"Not at all. Judging from my name, they are justified. I'm told it is a popular masculine name on various worlds.† â€Å"I've never encountered it before.† â€Å"That's because you aren't much of a Galactic traveler. The name ‘Hari' is common enough everywhere, although I once knew a woman named ‘Hare,' pronounced like your name but spelled with an ‘e.' In Mycogen, as I recall, particular names are confined to families-and numbered.† â€Å"But Sunmaster seems so unrestrained a name.† â€Å"What's a little braggadocio? Back on Cinna, ‘Dors' is from an Old local expression meaning ‘spring gift.' â€Å" â€Å"Because you were born in the spring?† â€Å"No. I first saw the light of day at the height of Cinna's summer, but the name struck my people as pleasant regardless of its traditional-and largely forgotten-meaning.† â€Å"In that case, perhaps Sunmaster-â€Å" And a deep, severe voice said, â€Å"That is my name, tribesman.† Seldon, startled, looked to his left. An open ground-car had somehow drawn close. It was boxy and archaic, looking almost like a delivery wagon. In it, at the controls, was a tall old man who looked vigorous despite his age. With stately majesty, he got out of the ground-car. He wore a long white gown with voluminous sleeves, pinched in at the wrists. Beneath the gown were soft sandals from which the big toe protruded, while his head, beautifully shaped, was completely hairless. He regarded the two calmly with his deep blue eyes. He said, â€Å"I greet you, tribesman.† Seldon said with automatic politeness, â€Å"Greetings, sir.† Then, honestly puzzled, he asked, â€Å"How did you get in?† â€Å"Through the entrance, which closed behind me. You paid little heed.† â€Å"I suppose we didn't. But then we didn't know what to expect. Nor do we now.† â€Å"Tribesman Chetter Hummin informed the Brethren that there would be members from two of the tribes arriving. He asked that you be cared for.† â€Å"Then you know Hummin.† â€Å"We do. He has been of service to us. And because he, a worthy tribesman, has been of service to us, so must we be now to him. There are few who come to Mycogen and few who leave. I am to make you secure, give you houseroom, see that you are undisturbed. You will be safe here.† Dors bent her head. â€Å"We are grateful, Sunmaster Fourteen.† Sunmaster turned to look at her with an air of dispassionate contempt. â€Å"I am not unaware of the customs of the tribes,† he said. â€Å"I know that among them a woman may well speak before being spoken to. I am therefore not offended. I would ask her to have a care among others of the Brethren who may be of lesser knowledge in the matter.† â€Å"Oh really?† said Dors, who was clearly offended, even if Sunmaster was not. â€Å"In truth,† agreed Sunmaster. â€Å"Nor is it needful to use my numerical identifier when I alone of my cohort am with you. ‘Sunmaster' will be sufficient.-Now I will ask you to come with me so that we may leave this place which is of too tribal a nature to comfort me.† â€Å"Comfort is for all of us,† said Seldon, perhaps a little more loudly than was necessary, â€Å"and we will not budge from this place unless we are assured that we will not be forcibly bent to your liking against our own natures. It is our custom that a woman may speak whenever she has something to say. If you have agreed to keep us secure, that security must be psychological as well as physical.† Sunmaster gazed at Seldon levelly and said, â€Å"You are bold, young tribesman. Your name?† â€Å"I am Hari Seldon of Helicon. My companion is Dors Venabili of Cinna.† Sunmaster bowed slightly as Seldon pronounced his own name, did not move at the mention of Dors's name. He said, â€Å"I have sworn to Tribesman Hummin that we will keep you safe, so I will do what I can to protect your woman companion in this. If she wishes to exercise her impudence, I will do my best to see that she is held guiltless.-Yet in one respect you must conform.† And he pointed, with infinite scorn, first to Seldon's head and then to Dors's. â€Å"What do you mean?† said Seldon. â€Å"Your cephalic hair.† â€Å"What about it?† â€Å"It must not be seen.† â€Å"Do you mean we're to shave our heads like you? Certainly not.† â€Å"My head is not shaven, Tribesman Seldon. I was depilated when I entered puberty, as are all the Brethren and their women.† â€Å"If we're talking about depilation, then more than ever the answer is no-never.† â€Å"Tribesman, we ask neither shaving nor depilation. We ask only that your hair be covered when you are among us.† â€Å"How?† â€Å"I have brought skincaps that will mold themselves to your skulls, together with strips that will hide the superoptical patches the eyebrows. You will wear them while with us. And of course, Tribesman Seldon, you will shave daily-or oftener if that becomes necessary.† â€Å"But why must we do this?† â€Å"Because to us, hair on the head is repulsive and obscene.† â€Å"Surely, you and all your people know that it is customary for others, in all the worlds of the Galaxy, to retain their cephalic hair.† â€Å"We know. And those among us, like myself, who must deal with tribesmen now and then, must witness this hair. We manage, but it is unfair to ask the Brethren generally to suffer the sight.† Seldon said, â€Å"Very well, then, Sunmaster-but tell me. Since you are born with cephalic hair, as all of us are and as you all retain it visibly till puberty, why is it so necessary to remove it? Is it just a matter of custom or is there some rationale behind it?† And the old Mycogenian said proudly, â€Å"By depilation, we demonstrate to the youngster that he or she has become an adult and through depilation adults will always remember who they are and never forget that all others are but tribesmen.† He waited for no response (and, in truth, Seldon could think of none) but brought out from some hidden compartment in his robe a handful of thin bits of plastic of varying color, stared keenly at the two faces before him, holding first one strip, then another, against each face. â€Å"The colors must match reasonably,† he said. â€Å"No one will be fooled into thinking you are not wearing a skincap, but it must not be repulsively obvious.† Finally, Sunmaster gave a particular strip to Seldon and showed him how it could be pulled out into a cap. â€Å"Please put it on, Tribesman Seldon,† he said. â€Å"You will find the process clumsy at first, but you will grow accustomed to it.† Seldon put it on, but the first two times it slipped off when he tried to pull it backward over his hair. â€Å"Begin just above your eyebrows,† said Sunmaster. His fingers seemed to twitch, as though eager to help. Seldon said, suppressing a smile, â€Å"Would you do it for me?† And Sunmaster drew back, saying, almost in agitation, â€Å"I couldn't. I would be touching your hair.† Seldon managed to hook it on and followed Sunmaster's advice, in pulling it here and there until all his hair was covered. The eyebrow patches fitted on easily. Dors, who had watched carefully, put hers on without trouble. â€Å"How does it come off?† asked Seldon. â€Å"You have but to find an end and it will peel off without trouble. You will find it easier both to put on and take off if you cut your hair shorter.† â€Å"I'd rather struggle a bit,† said Seldon. Then, turning to Dors, he said in a low voice, â€Å"You're still pretty, Dors, but it does tend to remove some of the character from your face.† â€Å"The character is there underneath just the same,† she answered. â€Å"And I dare say you'll grow accustomed to the hairless me.† In a still lower whisper, Seldon said, â€Å"I don't want to stay here long enough to get accustomed to this.† Sunmaster, who ignored, with visible haughtiness, the mumblings among mere tribesmen, said, â€Å"If you will enter my ground-car, I will now take you into Mycogen.† 37. â€Å"Frankly,† whispered Dors, â€Å"I can scarcely believe I'm on Trantor.† â€Å"I take it, then, you've never seen anything like this before?† said Seldon. â€Å"I've only been on Trantor for two years and I've spent much of my time at the University, so I'm not exactly a world traveler. Still, I've been here and there and I've heard of this and that, but I've never seen or heard of anything like this. The sameness.† Sunmaster drove along methodically and without undue haste. There were other wagonlike vehicles in the roadway, all with hairless men at the controls, their bald pates gleaming in the light. On either side there were three-story structures, unornamented, all lines meeting at right angles, everything gray in color. â€Å"Dreary,† mouthed Dors. â€Å"So dreary.† â€Å"Egalitarian,† whispered Seldon. â€Å"I suspect no Brother can lay claim to precedence of any obvious kind over any other.† There were many pedestrians on the walkways as they passed. There were no signs of any moving corridors and no sound of any nearby Expressway. Dors said, â€Å"I'm guessing the grays are women.† â€Å"Its hard to tell,† said Seldon. â€Å"The gowns hide everything and one hairless head is like another.† â€Å"The grays are always in pairs or with a white. The whites [also] walk alone and Sunmaster is a white.† â€Å"You may be right.† Seldon raised his voice. â€Å"Sunmaster, I am curious.† â€Å"If you are, then ask what you wish, although I am by no means required to answer.† â€Å"We seem to be passing through a residential area. There are no signs of business establishments, industrial areas-â€Å" â€Å"We are a farming community entirely. Where are you from that you do not know this?† â€Å"You know I am an Outworlder,† Seldon said stiffly. â€Å"I have been on Trantor for only two months.† â€Å"Even so.† â€Å"But if you are a farming community, Sunmaster, how is it that we have passed no farms either?† â€Å"On lower levels,† said Sunmaster briefly. â€Å"Is Mycogen on this level entirely residential, then?† â€Å"And on a few others. We are what you see. Every Brother and his family lives in equivalent quarters; every cohort in its own equivalent community; all have the same ground-car and all Brothers drive their own. There are no servants and none are at ease through the labor of others. None may glory over another.† Seldon lifted his shielded eyebrows at Dors and said, â€Å"But some of the people wear white, while some wear gray.† â€Å"That is because some of the people are Brothers and some are Sisters.† â€Å"And we?† â€Å"You are a tribesman and a guest. You and your†-he paused and then said-â€Å"companion will not be bound by all aspects of Mycogenian life. Nevertheless, you will wear a white gown and your companion will wear a gray one and you will live in special guest quarters like our own.† â€Å"Equality for all seems a pleasant ideal, but what happens as your numbers increase? Is the pie, then, cut into smaller pieces?† â€Å"There is no increase in numbers. That would necessitate an increase in area, which the surrounding tribesmen would not allow, or a change for the worse in our way of life.† â€Å"But if-† began Seldon. Sunmaster cut him off. â€Å"It is enough, Tribesman Seldon. As I warned you, I am not compelled to answer. Our task, which we have promised our friend Tribesman Hummin, is to keep you secure as long as you do not violate our way of life. That we will do, but there it ends. Curiosity is permitted, but it wears out our patience quickly if persisted in.† Something about his tone allowed no more to be said and Seldon chafed. Hummin, for all his help, had clearly mis-stressed the matter. It was not security that Seldon sought. At least, not security alone. He needed information too and without that he could not-and would not-stay here. 38. Seldon looked with some distress at their quarters. It had a small but individual kitchen and a small but individual bathroom. There were two narrow beds, two clothes closets, a table, and two chairs. In short there was everything that was necessary for two people who were willing to live under cramped conditions. â€Å"We had an individual kitchen and bathroom at Cinna,† said Dors with an air of resignation. â€Å"Not I,† said Seldon. â€Å"Helicon may be a small world, but I lived in a modern city. Community kitchens and bathrooms.-What a waste this is. You might expect it in a hotel, where one is compelled to make a temporary stay, but if the whole sector is like this, imagine the enormous number and duplications of kitchens and bathrooms.† â€Å"Part of the egalitarianism, I suppose,† said Dors. â€Å"No fighting for favored stalls or for faster service. The same for everyone.† â€Å"No privacy either. Not that I mind terribly, Dors, but you might and I don't want to give the appearance of taking advantage. We ought to make it clear to them that we must have separate rooms-adjoining but separate.† Dors said, â€Å"I'm sure it won't work. Space is at a premium and I think they are amazed by their own generosity in giving us this much. We'll just make do, Hari. We're each old enough to manage. I'm not a blushing maiden and you'll never convince me that you're a callow youth.† â€Å"You wouldn't be here, were it not for me.† â€Å"What of it? It's an adventure.† â€Å"All right, then. Which bed will you take? Why don't you take the one nearer the bathroom?† He sat down on the other. â€Å"There's something else that bothers me. As long as we're here, we're tribespeople, you and I, as is even Hummin. We're of the other tribes, not their own cohorts, and most things are none of our business.-But most things are my business. That's what I've come here for. I want to know some of the things they know.† â€Å"Or think they know,† said Dors with a historian's skepticism. â€Å"I understand they have legends that are supposed to date back to primordial times, but I can't believe they can be taken seriously.† â€Å"We can't know that until we find out what those legends are. Are there no outside records of them?† â€Å"Not that I know of. These people are terribly ingrown. They're almost psychotic in their inward clinging. That Hummin can break down their barriers somewhat and even get them to take us in is remarkable-really remarkable.† Seldon brooded. â€Å"There has to be an opening somewhere. Sunmaster was surprised-angry, in fact-that I didn't know Mycogen was an agricultural community. That seems to be something they don't want kept a secret.† â€Å"The point is, it isn't a secret. ‘Mycogen' is supposed to be from archaic words meaning ‘yeast producer.' At least, that's what I've been told. I'm not a paleolinguist. In any case, they culture all varieties of microfood-yeast, of course, along with algae, bacteria, multicellular fungi, and so on.† â€Å"That's not uncommon,† said Seldon. â€Å"Most worlds have this microculture. We have some even on Helicon.† â€Å"Not like Mycogen. It's their specialty. They use methods as archaic as the name of their section-secret fertilizing formulas, secret environmental influences. Who knows what? All is secret.† â€Å"Ingrown?† â€Å"With a vengeance. What it amounts to is that they produce protein and subtle flavoring, so that their microfood isn't like any other in the world. They keep the volume comparatively low and the price is skyhigh. I've never tasted any and I'm sure you haven't, but it sells in great quantities to the Imperial bureaucracy and to the upper classes on other worlds. Mycogen depends on such sales for its economic health, so they want everyone to know that they are the source of this valuable food. That, at least, is no secret.† â€Å"Mycogen must be rich, then.† â€Å"They're not poor, but I suspect that it's not wealth they're after. It's protection. The Imperial government protects them because, without them, there wouldn't be these microfoods that add the subtlest flavors, the tangiest spices, to every dish. That means that Mycogen can maintain its odd way of life and be haughty toward its neighbors, who probably find them insupportable.† Dors looked about. â€Å"They live an austere life. There's no holovision, I notice, and no book-films.† â€Å"I noticed one in the closet up on the shelf.† Seldon reached for it, stared at the label, and then said in clear disgust, â€Å"A cookbook.† Dors held out her hand for it and manipulated the keys. It took a while, for the arrangement was not quite orthodox, but she finally managed to light the screen and inspect the pages. She said, â€Å"There are a few recipes, but for the most part this seems to consist of philosophical essays on gastronomy.† She shut it off and turned it round and about. â€Å"It seems to be a single unit. I don't see how one would eject the microcard and insert another. A one-book scanner. Now that's a waste.† â€Å"Maybe they think this one book-film is all anyone needs.† He reached toward the end table that was between the two beds and picked up another object. â€Å"This could be a speaker, except that there's no screen.† â€Å"Perhaps they consider the voice sufficient.† â€Å"How does it work, I wonder?† Seldon lifted it and looked at it from different sides. â€Å"Did you ever see anything like this?† â€Å"In a museum once-if this is the same thing. Mycogen seems to keep itself deliberately archaic. I suppose they consider that another way of separating themselves from the so-called tribesmen that surround them in overwhelming numbers. Their archaism and odd customs make them indigestible, so to speak. There's a kind of perverse logic to all that.† Seldon, still playing with the device, said, â€Å"Whoops! It went on. Or something went on. But I don't hear anything.† Dors frowned and picked up a small felt-lined cylinder that remained behind on the end table. She put it to her ear. â€Å"There's a voice coming out of this,† she said. â€Å"Here, try it.† She handed it to him. Seldon did so and said, â€Å"Ouch! It clips on.† He listened and said, â€Å"Yes, it hurt my ear. You can hear me, I take it.-Yes, this is our room. No, I don't know its number. Dors, have you any idea of the number?† Dors said, â€Å"There's a number on the speaker. Maybe that will do.† â€Å"Maybe,† said Seldon doubtfully. Then he said into the speaker, â€Å"The number on this device is 6LT-3648A. Will that do?-Well, where do I find out how to use this device properly and how to use the kitchen, for that matter?-What do you mean, ‘It all works the usual way?' That doesn't do me any good. See here, I'm a†¦ a tribesman, an honored guest. I don't know the usual way.-Yes, I'm sorry about my accent and I'm glad you can recognize a tribesman when you hear one. My name is Hari Seldon.† There was a pause and Seldon looked up at Dors with a longsuffering expression on his face. â€Å"He has to look me up. And I suppose he'll tell me he can't find me.-Oh, you have me? Good! In that case, can you give me the information?-Yes. Yes.-Yes.-And how can I call someone outside Mycogen?-Oh, then what about contacting Sunmaster Fourteen, for instance?-Well, his assistant then, his aide, whatever?-Uh-huh.-Thank you.† He put the speaker down, unhooked the hearing device from his ear with a little difficulty, turned the whole thing off, and said, â€Å"They'll arrange to have someone show us anything we need to know, but he can't promise when that might be. You can't call outside Mycogen-not on this thing anyway-so we couldn't get Hummin if we needed him. And if I want Sunmaster Fourteen, I've got to go through a tremendous rigmarole. This may be an egalitarian society, but there seem to be exceptions that I bet no one will openly admit.† He looked at his watch. â€Å"In any case, Dors, I'm not going to view a cookbook and still less am I going to view learned essays. My watch is still telling University time, so I don't know if it's officially bedtime and at the moment I don't care. We've been awake most of the night and I would like to sleep.† â€Å"That's all right with me. I'm tired too.† â€Å"Thanks. And whenever a new day starts after we've caught up on our sleep, I'm going to ask for a tour of their microfood plantations.† Dors looked startled. â€Å"Are you interested?† â€Å"Not really, but if that's the one thing they're proud of, they should be willing to talk about it and once I get them into a talking mood then, by exerting all my charm, I may get them to talk about their legends too. Personally, I think that's a clever strategy.† â€Å"I hope so,† said Dors dubiously, â€Å"but I think that the Mycogenians will not be so easily trapped.† â€Å"We'll see,† said Seldon grimly. â€Å"I mean to get those legends.† 39. The next morning found Hari using the calling device again. He was angry because, for one thing, he was hungry. His attempt to reach Sunmaster Fourteen was deflected by someone who insisted that Sunmaster could not be disturbed. â€Å"Why not?† Seldon had asked waspishly. â€Å"Obviously, there is no need to answer that question,† came back a cold voice. â€Å"We were not brought here to be prisoners,† said Seldon with equal coldness. â€Å"Nor to starve.† â€Å"I'm sure you have a kitchen and ample supplies of food.† â€Å"Yes, we do,† said Seldon. â€Å"And I do not know how to use the kitchen devices, nor do I know how to prepare the food. Do you eat it raw, fry it, boil it, roast it†¦?† â€Å"I can't believe you are ignorant in such matters.† Dors, who had been pacing up and down during this colloquy, reached for the device and Seldon fended her off, whispering, â€Å"He'll break the connection if a woman tries to speak to him.† Then, into the device, he said more firmly than ever, â€Å"What you believe or don't believe doesn't matter to me in the least. You send someone here-someone who can do something about our situation-or when I reach Sunmaster Fourteen, as I will eventually, you will pay for this.† Nevertheless, it was two hours before someone arrived (by which time Seldon was in a state of savagery and Dors had grown rather desperate in her attempt to soothe him). The newcomer was a young man whose bald pate was slightly freckled and who probably would have been a redhead otherwise. He was bearing several pots and he seemed about to explain them when he suddenly looked uneasy and turned his back on Seldon in alarm. â€Å"Tribesman,† he said, obviously agitated. â€Å"Your skincap is not well adjusted.† Seldon, whose impatience had reached the breaking point, said, â€Å"That doesn't bother me.† Dors, however, said, â€Å"Let me adjust it, Hari. It's just a bit too high here on the left side.† Seldon then growled, â€Å"You can turn now, young man. What is your name?† â€Å"I am Graycloud Five,† said the Mycogenian uncertainly as he turned and looked cautiously at Seldon. â€Å"I am a novitiate. I have brought a meal for you.† He hesitated. â€Å"From my own kitchen, where my woman prepared it, tribesman.† He put the pots down on the table and Seldon raised one lid and sniffed the contents suspiciously. He looked up at Dors in surprise. â€Å"You know, it doesn't smell bad.† Dors nodded. â€Å"You're right. I can smell it too.† Graycloud said, â€Å"It's not as hot as it ought to be. It cooled off in transport. You must have crockery and cutlery in your kitchen.† Dors got what was needed, and after they had eaten, largely and a bit greedily, Seldon felt civilized once more. Dors, who realized that the young man would feel unhappy at being alone with a woman and even unhappier if she spoke to him, found that, by default, it fell to her to carry the pots and dishes into the kitchen and wash them-once she deciphered the controls of the washing device. Meanwhile, Seldon asked the local time and said, somewhat abashed, â€Å"You mean it's the middle of the night?† â€Å"Indeed, tribesman,† said Graycloud. â€Å"That's why it took a while to satisfy your need.† Seldon understood suddenly why Sunmaster could not be disturbed and thought of Graycloud's woman having to be awakened to prepare him a meal and felt his conscience gnaw at him. â€Å"I'm sorry,† he said. â€Å"We are only tribespeople and we didn't know how to use the kitchen or how to prepare the food. In the morning, could you have someone arrive to instruct us properly?† â€Å"The best I can do, tribesmen,† said Graycloud placatingly, â€Å"is to have two Sisters sent in. I ask your pardon for inconveniencing you with feminine presence, but it is they who know these things.† Dors, who had emerged from the kitchen, said (before remembering her place in the masculine Mycogenian society), â€Å"That's fine, Graycloud. We'd love to meet the Sisters.† Graycloud looked at her uneasily and fleetingly, but said nothing. Seldon, convinced that the young Mycogenian would, on principle, refuse to have heard what a woman said to him, repeated the remark. â€Å"That's fine, Graycloud. We'd love to meet the Sisters.† His expression cleared at once. â€Å"I will have them here as soon as it is day.† When Graycloud had left, Seldon said with some satisfaction, â€Å"The Sisters are likely to be exactly what we need.† â€Å"Indeed? And in what way, Hari?† asked Dors. â€Å"Well, surely if we treat them as though they are human beings, they will be grateful enough to speak of their legends.† â€Å"If they know them,† said Dors skeptically. â€Å"Somehow I have no faith that the Mycogenians bother to educate their women very well.† 40. The Sisters arrived some six hours later after Seldon and Dors had slept some more, hoping to readjust their biological clocks. The Sisters entered the apartment shyly, almost on tiptoe. Their gowns (which, it turned out, were termed â€Å"kirtles† in the Mycogenian dialect) were soft velvety gray, each uniquely decorated by a subtle pattern of fine, darker gray webbing. The kirtles were not entirely unattractive, but they were certainly most efficient at covering up any human feature. And, of course, their heads were bald and their faces were devoid of any ornamentation. They darted speculative glances at the touch of blue at the corners of Dors's eyes and at the slight red stain at the corners of her lips. For a few moments, Seldon wondered how one could be certain that the Sisters were truly Sisters. The answer came at once with the Sisters' politely formal greetings. Both twittered and chirped. Seldon, remembering the grave tones of Sunmaster and the nervous baritone of Graycloud, suspected that women, in default of obvious sexual identification, were forced to cultivate distinctive voices and social mannerisms. I'm Raindrop Forty-Three,† twittered one, â€Å"and this is my younger sister.† â€Å"Raindrop Forty-Five,† chirped the other. â€Å"We're very strong on ‘Raindrops' in our cohort.† She giggled. â€Å"I am pleased to meet you both,† said Dors gravely, â€Å"but now I must know how to address you. I can't just say ‘Raindrop,' can I?† â€Å"No,† said Raindrop Forty-Three. â€Å"You must use the full name if we are both here.† Seldon said, â€Å"How about just Forty-Three and Forty-Five, ladies?† They both stole a quick glance at him, but said not a word. Dors said softly, â€Å"I'll deal with them, Hari.† Seldon stepped back. Presumably, they were single young women and, very likely, they were not supposed to speak to men. The older one seemed the graver of the two and was perhaps the more puritanical. It was hard to tell from a few words and a quick glance, but he had the feeling and was willing to go by that. Dors said, â€Å"The thing is, Sisters, that we tribespeople don't know how to use the kitchen.† â€Å"You mean you can't cook?† Raindrop Forty-Three looked shocked and censorious. Raindrop Forty-Five smothered a laugh. (Seldon decided that his initial estimate of the two was correct.) Dors said, â€Å"I once had a kitchen of my own, but it wasn't like this one and I don't know what the foods are or how to prepare them.† â€Å"It's really quite simple,† said Raindrop Forty-Five. â€Å"We can show you.† â€Å"We'll make you a good nourishing lunch,† said Raindrop Forty-Three. â€Å"We'll make it for†¦ both of you.† She hesitated before adding the final words. It clearly took an effort to acknowledge the existence of a man. â€Å"If you don't mind,† said Dors, â€Å"I would like to be in the kitchen with you and I would appreciate it if you'd explain everything exactly. After all, Sisters, I can't expect you to come here three times a day to cook for us.† â€Å"We will show you everything,† said Raindrop Forty-Three, nodding her head stiffly. â€Å"It may be difficult for a tribeswoman to learn, however. You wouldn't have the†¦ feeling for it.† â€Å"I shall try,† said Dors with a pleasant smile. They disappeared into the kitchen. Seldon stared after them and tried to work out the strategy he intended to use.